Pharmacotherapy Follow-Up and Sociocultural Barriers to Antiretroviral Adherence Among Indigenous Peoples: Documentary Review with an Intercultural Approach

Abstract

Antiretroviral treatment outcomes depend on more than medication availability. Continuity of care, understanding of the therapeutic regimen, and the social and cultural setting in which treatment takes place also shape adherence. This review examined sociocultural barriers to antiretroviral adherence and assessed the potential role of pharmacotherapy follow-up among Indigenous Peoples, with particular attention to Panama and Latin America. A documentary literature review was conducted through structured searches in PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, BVS/LILACS, and Google Scholar, complemented by documents from WHO, PAHO, UNAIDS, the Ministry of Health of Panama, the National Institute of Statistics and Census, and the University of Granada. After screening and eligibility assessment, 25 sources were retained: 17 scientific articles and 8 technical, regulatory, or institutional documents. The reviewed literature consistently points to geographic distance, transportation costs, communication difficulties, limited health literacy, stigma, and concerns about confidentiality as barriers to continuity of treatment. Pharmacist-led interventions have shown favorable results in general populations living with HIV, but evidence focused specifically on Indigenous Peoples remains limited. The findings suggest that pharmaceutical care in these settings requires linguistic and territorial adaptation, recognition of traditional health practices, community participation, and prospective evaluation of both clinical and social outcomes.

Bä Braikä:

Krägä VIH antirretroviral madre jögrä ne tä ütiote ni nüne koin käre. Ne ñan krägä krägä nüne käre biti; ni tä ja krägä madre ño, tä ja toaida krägä negrä ño, aune kukwe ja nüne kä bitdi tä käne. Tärä ne kädrie, kukwe tärä krörö mikani ütiote, Panamá aune América Latina botdä, ja töi mikakäre ño kukwe kä nüne, blitde, kä dobo, transporte, estigma aune confidencialidad tä krägä VIH madre bitdi. Tärä amini PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, BVS/LILACS aune Google Scholar, ne kändi tärä OMS, OPS, ONUSIDA aune Ministerio de Salud de Panamá. Jökrä 25 tärä mikani ütiote: 17 tärä ciencia botdä aune 8 tärä institución, norma aune guía botdä. Kukwe mikani gare kä dobo ja toi, mani transporte käre, blitde ngäbere aune español ño, estigma aune confidencialidad tä ja tare. Krägä bitdi sribire tä mike ni tä krägä madre koin käre; abokän, tärä ni ngäbere aune jutdä ngwäre botdä tä kräkäbe. Ne kändi, krägä bitdi sribire tä nibi mikare kä nüne, blitde, kukwe kira aune ja ngoboare ngwäre botdä.